Safety at sea : a P&I perspective

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      <subfield code="a">Hughes, Joseph E.M.</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Safety at sea</subfield>
      <subfield code="b">: a P&I perspective</subfield>
      <subfield code="c">by Joseph E.M. Hughes</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a"> In the last decade or so, the insurance industry play a significant role in developing initiatives to promote and enhance safety at sea. The protection and indemnity associations ("P&I" clubs) -mutual insurance societies owned by shipowners- haven taken a major role in this shift. To some degree, this new emphasis can be seen as a reaction to the high levels of maritime losses in the late 1980s and early 1990s. But, perhaps to an equal extent, the initatiatives that have been introduced can also be seen as a reflection of the general closeness that the clubs share with the industry at large. In addition to the P&I clubs'initiatives, significant steps have been taken by other bodies to promote safety at sea. Perhaps the most notable effort is the International Maritime Organization's 1994 promulgation of the International Ship Management (ISM) Code, which is aimed at establishing common loss prevention and ship management standars worlwide</subfield>
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      <subfield code="d">New York</subfield>
      <subfield code="g">nº 5, May 1997 ; p. 45-47</subfield>
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