The Indian Ocean tsunami : 20 years on

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      <subfield code="a">The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 claimed more than 227 000 lives. The USD 13 billion of losses were mostly uninsured. We estimate Indonesia's economic losses of USD 4.5 billion would equate to USD 20 billion in current value based on its GDP growth and inflation since 2004. This scale of loss highlights the need for better tsunami risk preparedness, from warning systems to higher sea defenses and more advanced hazard assessments of potential future events. Fast-rising coastal populations and exposures imply that more action will be needed to narrow protection gaps</subfield>
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