Pension systems are cracking : here's how to fix them

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<title>Pension systems are cracking</title>
<subTitle>:  here's how to fix them</subTitle>
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<namePart>Karita, Sam</namePart>
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<dateIssued>2026</dateIssued>
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<abstract displayLabel="Summary">Demographics are rewriting the balance sheets of developed countries around the world-and pushing traditional pension systems beyond their limits. The pressure is particularly evident in OECD countries. For these nations, the average ratio of older citizens (65 and older) to younger citizens (ages 15 to 64) will increase on average 2.5 times by 2050 from 2000 levels. That translates into a growing economic burden on the working-age population, as those younger workers will need to contribute an increasing share of their income to fund pensions. By 2060, total pension expenditures as a share of combined GDP for 31 of the 38 OECD nations is projected to hit 10.3%, up from 8.9% for the period 2020 through 2023</abstract>
<tableOfContents displayLabel="Contents">Ratio of Older Citizens Versus Younger Workers in OECD Countries Will Surge in the Decades Ahead -- The Pension Trilemma: Systems Need to Balance Three Objectives -- Four Primary Pension Plan Types Come with Different Implications in Aging Societies -- Three Cornerstones of Smart Pension System Design -- Share of Pre-Retirement Income Provided Through Pensions and Level of Public Expenditure Vary Across Countries -- Countries with an Automatic Link Between Retirement Age and Life Expectancy Have More Sustainable Entitlement Periods -- Engagement Plan and Mechanisms to Smooth the Transition Are Key to Implementing Pension Reform </tableOfContents>
<note type="statement of responsibility">Sam Karita... [et al.]</note>
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<topic>Pensiones</topic>
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<topic>Sistemas de pensiones</topic>
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<topic>Política económica</topic>
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